The Limitations Of Activity Based Costing Accounting Essay

The Limitations Of Activity Based Costing Accounting Essay ABC Costing is an advanced costing procedure that is utilized to decide the expense of the item for the administration announcing purposes. ABC Costing System is an instrument that is utilized in dynamic procedure. Be that as it may, it has some specific constraints. ABC Costing System is exorbitant to actualize and keep up in an assembling and serving divisions. Information concerning various movement estimates must be gathered, checked, and went into the framework. Which raise the work prerequisite and should be examined on movement premise? ABC costing frameworks creates the reports that are not quite the same as the benefit and misfortune reports delivered through conventional costing frameworks. As the greater part of the organizations are utilizing customary costing frameworks, so as a result of the distinction in the costing premise the costing and monetary reports of the two organizations of a similar industry couldn't be thought about for execution assessment purposes. Flexibility of ABC Costing System isn't reasonable for all sort of organizations since little organizations have very few assets to adjust it and have such a large number of exercises yet size of exchanges is excessively low. Â Data Produced through ABC Costing System can without much of a stretch confound and can lead towards wrong choices. So supervisor should utilize the information delivered through ABC Costing System with extraordinary consideration and ought to dole out the costs that are applicable to the items, clients and ought not consider the other cost protests that are unimportant. ABC costing framework doesn't agree to the GAAP and an organization needs to create its reports for inner and outer purposes by utilizing customary and ABC costing framework both at once. In ABC costing framework costs are apportioned on the base of cost drivers and exercises attempted to fabricate the item, certainly, it gives the exact and legitimate portion of the expenses to the items yet there is a threat of over or under costing of the items when insignificant cost drivers or exercises are doled out to the items or administrations created. Q2) Please clarify the contrasts among FIFO and Weighted Average Method in the process business. How are units accounted for?â How are costs accounted for?â In times of low swelling what strategy would have any kind of effect? From a TAX perspective, does it have any kind of effect? Contrasts in Weighted Average and FIFO Costing Systems: The primary contrast among FIFO and Weighted Average Costing frameworks is the strategy for figuring of the stock and cost of products sold in process costing framework. Valuation Method: In FIFO costing strategy, costing office accept that the merchandise that are sold before are the products that are brought before, etc. The expense of merchandise sold is determined on the base of the arrangement of products brought and sold. In Weighted Average costing strategy, merchandise are esteemed on the base of all out products ready to move and overlook the grouping of their appearance in stock and deals to the client. Equation of the expense of products ready to move or cost of offer is as per the following: Cost of all out accessible for Sales ($) Per Unit Cost of Goods Sold = All out No. Of Units accessible for Sales Reasonableness: FIFO technique must be utilized where stock can be isolated effectively and the expense of the stock can be resolved like PC, vehicles and different enterprises of a similar sort. Weighted Average Method is the most usually utilized strategy and can be pertinent in all businesses however the associations occupied with those items that couldn't be isolated like oil; Natural Gas and LPG and so on utilize especially weighted normal costing technique. In count of units represented FIFO technique consider the units began and finished in the current time frame just and the starting work in process units and its expense stay isolated and it is viewed as that the initial work in process units are finished first and afterward new units began and finished in a similar timeframe and units costs are determined independently for starting work in process units and units began in current period. While in normal costing technique, proportional creation is determined and dependent on identical creation the expense of unit is resolved and distributed to the creation. Q3) Can you clarify the focal points and hindrances of the Standard Cost framework? Focal points/Benefits of Standard Costing System: Norms are the key factors that are utilized in the executives by special case approach. On the off chance that expenses stay inside the norms, administrators would be fulfilled and would amass at routine exercises however in the event that it over the gauges, at that point it would be a disturbing circumstance for the chiefs and they would attempt to break down the reasons of wastefulness. Measures are the objectives that have been set by the administration to accomplish and they look at the real execution of the workers with the principles. Standard expenses improve the accounting procedure too by charging the standard expense to the activity or item and by making the modifying section of the fluctuation toward the finish of the period. Standard costs fit normally in a coordinated arrangement of obligation bookkeeping. The gauges set up what expenses ought to be, who ought to be liable for them, and what genuine expenses are leveled out. Hindrances/Problems/Limitations of Standard Costing System: Recurrence of revealing the difference is too low that make the prã ©cised and valuable information futile because of its discharge past the point of no return when it got outdated. Work differences comprises for the most part on work amount measures and work effectiveness fluctuations and in the two changes it is expected that the creation is exceptionally work concentrated and the factor of machines execution is disregarded. There are a few situations where a good change can be as terrible as or more awful than a troublesome fluctuation i.e McDonalds has a standard for cheeseburger meat that ought to be in a Big Mac. An ideal fluctuation would imply that less meat was utilized than standard determines. The outcome is an inadequate Big Mac and conceivably an unsatisfied client. In measures costing framework, fulfilling the guidelines of creation and cost proficiency has more significance and different elements like nature of the items and fulfillment of the client have been disregarded. In standard costing approach, the guidelines are viewed as the last goal and improvement process become exceptionally moderate or halted. Q4) Please clarify the following:â NET PRESENT VALUE CONCEPT.If the NET Present Value isâ Then the PROJECT ISPositive .Acceptable since it guarantees an arrival more prominent than the necessary pace of return! Net Present Value Approach: NPV is a strategy utilized in the administration representing the dynamic and secured under the head of capital planning. In NPV approach the current estimation of the net inflow and outpourings are thought about by producing the results of swelling and different elements affecting the estimation of cash. The current estimation of the money surge is balanced against the current estimation of the inflows coming about because of the venture and increasing with the rebate factor to compare it to the current estimation of this future inflow. At that point the outcomes are contrasted and the accompanying table. On the off chance that the net present worth is At that point the venture is Positive Adequate since it guarantees an arrival more prominent than the necessary pace of return Zero Worthy, since it guarantees an arrival equivalent to the necessary pace of return. Negative Not worthy, since it guarantees an arrival not exactly the necessary pace of return Q5) Please clarify an examination of the Net Present Value and the Internal Rate of Return Methods. Which strategy do you like?â What are the qualities of each.â Correlation among NPV and IRR Method: In the greater part of the conditions, Net Present Value Approach and Internal Rate of Return Method give similar outcomes. In any case, a few times these present inverse outcomes. At the point when we think about the two strategies, we consider the system working behind the two methods. In inward pace of return, a pace of profit is determined based for the future overall gain emerging from the venture by utilizing given equation: IRR = Initial Investment Total compensation At that point this necessary pace of return is contrasted and the necessary pace of come back from venture, if IRR of the speculation is more prominent than the necessary pace of return then the undertaking is acknowledged in any case the task is dismissed. This technique is obviously superior to restitution period and other old strategies, since it thinks about the salary of the undertakings to assess the task and furthermore consider the inflows after the culmination of compensation period. In NPV technique the current worth money surge is coordinated with the current estimation of the money inflows emerging from the tasks and on the off chance that the NPV is sure, at that point the undertaking is acknowledged in any case dismissed. NPV Approach is better methodology then IRR on the grounds that IRR totally overlooks the time estimation of the cash and simply consider the net gain emerging from the task while NPV depends on the time estimation of the cash by considering the expansion factors. Q6) Managerial Accounting can work in numerous fields fabricating and in the administration business. Give a few instances of how Managerial Accounting can function in your industry utilizing a portion of the instruments you learned in this course?â If in the Health Field, Could Relevant Costs be of use?â Use of Managerial Accounting: Administrative Accounting has equivalent application in the administration and assembling industry also. There are three significant a viewpoint for which administrative bookkeeping is broadly utilized. Dynamic Items Pricing Execution Evaluation Dynamic: One of the most significant elements of the administration is to settle on the privilege and opportune choices for the turn of events and security of the going concern status of an association. This capacity is required in all sort of ventures whether administrations or assembling. Administrative Accounting apparatuses are utilized to give the premise to correlation and

Definition and determinants of price elasticity

Definition and determinants of value versatility Meaning of value versatility (PES) to flexibly alludes to an estimation of connection between change in amount provided and an adjustment in cost. There is a couple of determinants that influences the result of the PES. One of the determinants is timeframe. Flexibly will be progressively versatile when time given to an organization to change its alteration is more. In short run, the time given to firms and organizations are too short to even consider adjusting or change and adjust. For instance, Sammys burger face a lack of hamburger meat as crude material. It is inelastic if the timeframe is restricted to a couple of hours as it were. The cost of the burger may increment however the there is basic no different strategies to help Sammy. In since quite a while ago run, time given to firms and makers are sufficiently long to change their firm estimate and get ready for firms to enter or leave. Thusly, Sammy would have sufficient opportunity to scan for interchange route for new assets. Another determinant is asset replacement prospects, which implies a few merchandise or item that must be created or made by utilizing uncommon method or restricted assets. These items have an exceptionally low versatility of flexibly or perhaps zero. Anyway merchandise which are generally delivered that could be just found have a moderately high versatility of flexibly. Model, Louis Vuitton totes are for the most part handcrafted from authentic calfskin, consequently there are less items that may substitute it. The PES of Louis Vuitton is substantially more inelastic. Question 2B Cost Organizations can utilize the idea value flexibility to choose their evaluating procedure by deciding if the great to be sold is inelastic, versatile, unitary, superbly inelastic, and impeccably flexible. In the event that the value flexibility is inelastic it shows that the rate change in amount requested is not exactly the rate change in cost. For instance, great An is given a markdown of 10%, however amount requested just expanded marginally by a 3%, subsequently is will be a more intelligent approach to acquire benefit by expanding the cost as opposed to diminishing and just amount requested will just diminish somewhat. Chart 2.1 shows the interest bend of this case. 10% Amount requested D Outline 2.1-Inelastic Demand 4% Moreover, when the interest of a specific decent is flexible it shows a situation which the rate change in amount requested is bigger than the rate change in cost. For instance, great B is an inelastic decent, consequently giving limits or diminishing the cost will draw in more clients, in this way expanding the all out income of the business. Graph 2.2 shows the interest bend of good B diminishing the cost by 10% and gaining 20% greater amount requested. Cost 10% D 20% Amount requested Chart 2.2-Elastic Demand Thirdly, if request of a decent is unitary versatile, which the rate change in amount requested equivalents to the rate change in cost. Any ascent in cost will be actually counterbalanced by a fall in amount, leaving the absolute income unaltered. In Diagram 2.3, it shows that when given a 10% markdown, amount requested will increment by 10%; the absolute income earned is equivalent to before rebate. Accordingly, maker should diminish the cost of item, fabricating less merchandise sparing additional time and labor and diverting it to another profitable item. Cost 10% D Amount requested Graph 2.3-Unitary Elastic 10% At the point when request is flawlessly inelastic, the amount requested won't change as the value change. Buyers won't reaction to any adjustment in cost whatsoever. In graph 2.4, it shows that when value decline by 10%; not a single changes are in sight. Thus if makers increment the cost of the item, amount requested won't be influenced. Cost D 10% Amount requested Graph 2.4-Perfectly Inelastic Value Last yet not least is consummately versatile interest, where just slight rate change in cost will cause an interminable rate change in amount requested. This implies purchasers have an extraordinary reaction to an adjustment in cost. Subsequently, makers ought to remain the cost or follow the market esteem and not just changing the cost on the grounds that a little change can get a boundless change amount requested. D Amount requested Chart 2.5-Perfectly flexible Question 3A Gracefully is the creation of a specific decent or item by providers or future providers for the market a variety of cost at a specific timespan. From the law of flexibly, if the cost of a specific decent increment, so will the amount provided of the great. A flexibly bend is a chart that shows amount of products that makers will gracefully as per the cost. The diagram will consistently slanted upwards to the correct side since amount flexibly is greater at a dearer cost. Chart 3.1 shows how a gracefully bend is. Cost Amount provided Outline 3.1 S0 Cost There are a couple of reasons flexibly of an item will increment. On the off chance that there is an expansion in flexibly, the gracefully bend will move rightwards. Chart 3.2 shows a move in the flexibly bend from S0 to S1. S1 Outline 3.2 Amount provided Right off the bat, an abatement or increment in the expense of causing a cooperative attitude to decide the flexibly. For this situation, cost of crude material or bundling also will influence the cost. Whenever cost of crude material for a specific decent drop, providers will in general produce all the more great and subsequently the flexibly will increment. Model, the expense of flour drops and results to an expansion gracefully of bread. The drop in cost of flour the crude material of bread will let down the expense of creation in this manner providers will have the option to deliver more. Thus, the gracefully increments. Besides, the improvement in innovation will influence the gracefully of a specific decent. Improvement in innovation can diminish the expense of creation and increment efficiency of a specific decent, in this way bringing about an expansion in flexibly of good at each value level. For instance, the advancement in mechanical arms and PCs empowered vehicle makers to create vehicles in a quicker pace yet with a promising item. Henceforth, vehicle makers can cut expense at labor and furthermore exorbitant slip-ups. Flexibly will increment as the innovation keeps on creating. To wrap things up, is the cost of substitute merchandise and serious products that may influence the flexibly of a decent. Creating these products requires comparatively a similar crude material. Consequently, makers will decide to focus on the item which is increasingly productive and a superior interest rate. Model, nukia N99 is progressively well known contrasted with nukia M99, therefore makers will attempt to create more nukia N99 which is more gainful than nukia M99. Thus gracefully of nukia N99 will increment. Question 3B Financial experts are stating that value floor and value roofs can control the conveyance of rare great to those buyers who esteem them most profoundly. Value floor likewise know as least cost is set over the balance cost to produce results. Thusly, products must be sold at any rate cost; henceforth least benefits are earned by providers. Then again, value roof or the most extreme cost is set underneath the balance cost to produce results, bringing down the cost will pull in purchasers. Chart 3.3 shows the value floor and Diagram 3.4 shows the value roof. Cost S e Pe D Piece roof (Max. cost) Chart 3.3 Price Ceiling Amount Demand Cost D S Amount Demand Piece Floor (Min. cost) e Pe Chart 3.4-Price Floor S : Supply bend D : Demand bend Pe : Price Equilibrium e : Equilibrium point Proportioning capacity of cost is the expansion or abatement in cost to free the market from any lack or excess, while the asset designation characterizes as a measure of asset given to a gathering for a particular reason. The value floor and value roof are supposed to be smother the apportioning capacity of costs and mutilate asset portion since they are made by the administration to ensure providers gain benefit. Be that as it may, this may bring about overflow among request and flexibly. For instance, great An is set at a value floor of $20 which is $5 more than the cost at harmony. A few customers are willing and ready to purchase the item at a more significant expense, and makers will proceed with flexibly great A. makers may raise the cost of good A, yet consequently less shopper will get it. This may result an excess in the market. Other than that it likewise results mutilate asset distribution in light of the fact that not all items can be sell out. S: Supply bend D: Demand bend Pe: Price Equilibrium S Cost of good A overflow $20 Pe D Amount request of good A Besides, when a value roof is put onto a decent by the legislature, a lack will occur between the flexibly and the interest of the item which in the end causes smother of proportioning capacity of costs and misshapes the asset portion. For instance, salts have a value roof of $3 per parcel, which is dictated by the administration. As it were, buyers can purchase salt at an a lot less expensive cost. However, providers won't have the option to improve a benefit; subsequently flexibly will be constrained by makers. This outcomes to a lack of salt in the market. Twist asset distribution happens, therefore not all shoppers can purchase salt as a result of the stocks are constrained. Cost of salt (per bundle) S: Supply bend D: Demand bend Pe: Price Equilibrium Amount of sugar (bundle) S Deficiency Pe $3 D Question 5A The meaning of interest can be characterized as amounts of a decent or administration that individuals are prepared and ready to purchase at different costs inside some given timeframe, other factor other than cost held steady, ceteris paribus. Cost of Cintan As a matter of first importance, an adjustment popular will cause the interest bend to move rightwards. Other than the cost of the great itself, there are a couple of different determinants that prompts a move in the bend. A portion of the determinants are cost of substitute or integral great, size of a family unit salary, taste and design, climate condition, and so on the bend will move rightwards if there is an expansion sought after and the other way around. Model, a dro

Appic Psychology Internship Essay

Appic Psychology Internship EssayAppic Psychology Internship Essay 4 samples is the finest collection of applications you will ever find for a Psych Internship. Each application contains detailed information on the student's personal statement, personal goals, his current level of learning, and previous teaching and professional experience. The applications are all 100% original content.If you would like to know what Appic Internship applications you should get, then read through this sample application and make sure you choose the one you think fits your personality and career goals. These applications have been carefully written and are simply too good to pass up. These applications have been developed by an experienced group of administrators and professional writers who are committed to providing exceptional student experiences.Appic offers professional writers who are trained in the field of Psych, who have also successfully completed a Bachelor's degree in Psychology or have at least two years of successful work experience as a Psych in their professional life. This guarantees that you will receive the highest quality writing. Your writing will be examined by all Appic professionals and as a result your application will be considered for approval and can be followed up immediately.There are several types of psych courses that are available to students in the United States today, but none offer a wide variety of students. This is where Appic gets involved. This company has the latest technology in the industry, with many times more applications than any other competitor. These applications will give your application a huge boost in popularity.Appic Psych Internship essays have been created and specially designed by the professionals who have years of experience in the field of psych. The professionals from Appic have found that it is vital to place emphasis on the applicant's personal statement. The application is very interesting because it offers many ex amples that will help you define your goals and passions. This will keep you focused will make it possible for you to complete your application quickly and easily.These essays are most popular with graduate school applicants, as the applicants are not only required to write about themselves, but they are also asked to write about other people who are a part of their lives. These essays are offered to help students understand how they will be able to meet new challenges when they start their career. Students can expect these essays to contain information about their interests, their personal goals, their career objectives, the process of gaining new knowledge, and how they will cope with peer pressure and change.In order to apply for a successful job as a psych major, there are some things that will be required of you. When it comes to the job market, many employers need students who are interested in the fields of mind science, psychology, sociology, political science, and history. With your application for Appic, you will be sure to obtain the right job for you!Appic Psych Internship Essay is a program that enables students to apply for a psychology internship. The types of programs include clinical internships, applied/experimental positions, research positions, or administrative positions. Each of these internships are different and provide your with an education and training that are rarely found anywhere else.

Pre- Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Weight Gain During...

During pregnancy, many women experience hypertensive and diabetic disorders. These disturbances usually cease to exist after delivery; however, they may impose serious complications for mother and or/ fetus. Some evidence suggests that both disorders can be attributed to pre- pregnancy body mass index of the mother, and other evidence suggests that they are precipitated by weight gain that occurs during pregnancy. The authors of ‘Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Weight Gain during Pregnancy: Relations with Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension, and Birth Outcomes’ theorized in their introduction that â€Å"maternal obesity at conception increases the risk of maternal and or/ fetal complications in pregnancy, and labor and birth† (Heude, et†¦show more content†¦However, â€Å"after excluding mothers with gestational diabetes or hypertension that occurred before birth the correlation for LGA, respectively weakened for obese women and strengthened for wome n that had a high net weight gain† (Heude, et al., 2012). In addition, a â€Å"higher net gestational weight gain was significantly associated with an increased risk of LGA only after accounting for blood pressure and glucose disorders† (Heude, et al., 2012). Analysis of the Article Within the first few paragraphs of the study, the researchers clearly identified the purpose of the study. The purpose of ‘Pre- pregnancy Body Mass Index and Weight Gain During Pregnancy’ was to study â€Å"the relationship between pre- pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight gain during pregnancy and birth outcomes, with a focus on gestational diabetes and hypertension and their role in the association with fetal growth† (Heude, et al., 2012). The tenacity for wanting to complete such a study was also clearly given, as the researchers stated several reasons with regards to the importance of their study. In addition, the results of the study were compatible with the original intentions of the study, as they accomplished all that they had set out to prove. The title of Heude et., Al (2012) article is a good one in that it clearly defines the variables that would be measured in their study andShow MoreRelatedWomen Experiencing Gestational Diabetes Are At Higher Risk For Spontaneous Preterm Birth779 Words   |  4 Pagesunderweight or having low pregnancy weight gain: Overly thin women whose Body Mass Index (BMI) is ≠¤18.50 kg/m2 or those who fail to gain an adequate amount of weight during pregnancy are at higher risk of having a preterm delivery or a low birth weight infant (Masho, Bishop, Munn, 2013). A recent study found that overly thin women are most at risk for spontaneous preterm birth (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.38-2.09) with premature rupture of the membrane (PROM) when they gain 7 kg (15 lbs) or betweenRead MoreExploring The Negative Effects Of Maternal Obesity1675 Words   |  7 Pagesrisks during pregnancy and labor. In addition, a disconnect in perception and awareness exists such that most obese pregnant women who gain weight during pregnancy underestimate their Body Mass Index (BMI); and also have poor knowledge about the risk associated with obesity. In our time period, there is a significant increase in the average body index in all age groups and most commonly with the women who are entering their reproduction age. According to the article, â€Å"Weight Gain During Pregnancy†Read MoreTaking a Look at Maternal Obesity2007 Words   |  8 PagesThe references used are located in the last part of this essay. The literature search was conducted using the keywords and terms maternal obesity, overweight, pregnancy obesity complications, pregnancy risks for obesity, weight gain in pregnancy and prevalence of maternal obesity in Australia. Articles, researches and journals published within the last five years were chosen to gather the most recent peer-reviewed and evidence-based information. 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Nonetheless, many complex societal and behavioral factors contribute to the sources of obesity. An estimated 25% of Women in the UK are obese, and this is associated with social inequality: the frequency of obesity rises with greater levels of destitution. Almost half of the women population that have attained childbearing age in England are either obese or overweight. Maternity Obesity; Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 and higher, at the initial antenatalRead MoreFast Food Has A High Energy Density And Low Nutrient Profile1554 Words   |  7 Pagesachieve convenience. Drive-throughs, delivery, and pre-packaged meals regularly provide consumers with breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack options within minutes of ordering. However, fast food has a high energy density and low nutrient profile that has led to a worldwide increase of waistline. Obesity is becoming one of the most prevalent nutritional diseases in developed countries. 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The child obesity epidemic remains a major public concern in the United States and other countries. B. According to the data provided by the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES), 24.4% of children aged 2-5 years were at or above the 86 percentile on the Body Mass Index (BMI) -forage growth charts. C. Immigrants have

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Should Gay Marriage Be Legalized - 1705 Words

Megan Miner December 10, 2014 Political Science 1100 Period 4 Tooele B Research Paper Option 1 Gay marriage has and still is a huge controversy in the United States. I will say though that the U.S. has come along way when it comes to same-sex marriage. As of November 20, 2014 gay marriage is now legal in thirty-five of the fifty U.S. states. Massachusetts was the first state to legalize same-sex marriage in May of two thousand and four. As of October ninth two-thousand and fourteen, only sixteen out of one hundred and ninety-four countries allow same sex marriage. By those odds I would say that the U.S. is actually doing pretty well at accepting gay marriage. My question is then why can t Congress change the Federal Marriage Amendment now with out causing a million problems. So I decided to dig further into the history of gay marriage before looking at the proponents and opponents of legalizing gay marriage. It has been said that gay rights and gay right movements are traced back to the Stonewall Riots. The riot occurred at Stonewall Inn in New York City on June 28, 1969 afte r a police raid at a gay bar-and note that at this time it was illegal to even have a homo-sexual relationship at all except in Illinois-. As a result of this riot the number of gay organizations in the country sky rocketed. The numbers went from a small fifty something to thousands all in a span of four to five years. Shortly after that in nineteen seventy-three the gay liberation movementShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legalized938 Words   |  4 Pages Gay marriage is in fact a controversial topic that many people feel strongly about. I believe that gay marriage should be legalized without being penalized by people who disagree with it. I will, within reason, explain to you why gay marriage should be legalized and argue against Karlee’s essay about why gay marriage shouldn’t be legalized. The first thing Karlee talks about in her opposing essay is, â€Å"Children of same-sex couples, biological or not, need both a mother and a father inRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?1313 Words   |  6 PagesCredit – Should gay marriage be legalized? Marriage is considered to be the rite of passage from an religious point of view, it is considered as holy matrimony before the eyes of God. Attraction between individuals of the same sex has been a topic of debate. However, over the past few years gay individuals made a decision to our grievances of oppression despite receiving tremendous critics from the public. Initially, gay marriagesRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?935 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a lot of controversy about gay marriage and whether or not it should be legalized in certain states that haven t yet legalized it. My opinion on this topic is that it should not be legalized for various reasons. 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According to an article from the Human Rights Campaign, there is nothing wrong with allowing homosexuals to have the same rights as those who are heterosexual. Every individual person should be granted equal rights, regardless of sexuality. Gay marriage should be legalized in all states and coun tries, it has been held off for too long. MoreoverRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?727 Words   |  3 Pages Everyone, regardless of gender orientation or sexual preference deserves equal rights, such as marriage, feeling comfortable with whom they are, and being treated like any other human being. Right now gay marriage is a hot topic in many states, however, what say should the government get in who you love and want to marry? Beyond a court room, research has been done on the idea of transgenderism and what causes people to be like that or if people are truly born in the wrong bodyRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized? Essay464 Words   |  2 PagesMarriage is defined as the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life. In the definition it says couple, with out indication of gender. In our society gay marriage is a hot topic. Previously legalizing gay marriage was out of the question, but as times has changed and more liberal politicians have gained office to reflect th e views of today’s society. One of the reasons that LGBT people fight for the right to marry because married couples receive more protections and advantages in

Women in Slave Resistance free essay sample

According to Lucille Mathurin Mair in her article entitled â€Å"The Rebel Woman in the British West Indies During Slavery†, coming from West African, enslaved women in the Caribbean developed a gret level of self-respect and confidence. This was due to the fact that many of them held great amount of power and authority in Africa. Being child bearers, women were held in high esteem and were an asset to their tribe. Women also held high positions such as Queen Mother in African societies. Taken from there homes in West Africa, these women lost their status as they were stripped of everything even their name when they arrived on the plantation. Being the natural warriors that they were , enslaved women sought to resist slavery in an effort to regain the status they once had, that is being free and self-respected. This paper will therefore focus on the contribution of enslaved women in the British West Indies to the dismantlement of the system of slavery in the BWI during the 18th and 19th centuries. WOMEN’S RESISTANCE Female slaves on plantations, adopted some of the same methods as men to crush slavery. They employed quiet, subtle and almost negative methods of protest. Some on the other hand used positive or violent methods. These included running away, revolt , pretend to be ill and other methods peculiar to them as females. Women however rarely used active resistance because they had harsher penalties. One of the most popular methods of slave resistance used by enslaved women was what Beckles and Shepherd call ‘natural resistance†. Women as natural rebels used their bodiesd to resist slavery. After the slave trade was abolished in 1807, enslaved women became very important to the planter as they now became the main suppliers of new slaves. Planters offered women incentives such as extra food and clothing allowance to bear and rear children. Women who had six children would no longer do hard work. This was seen in Jamaica where William Ricketts of the Canaan Estate in Westmoreland encourage women to have children by giving them badges of favour such as special coats and fed young children from his own table. Realising that they were so important to the planters for their child bearing ability, women resisted using their bodies. They committed abortions, suicide and infanticide. Some also used pregmancy prevetion methods. In doing this according to John Campbell women deprived the planter of valuable property. One proprietor was forced to concede that. I really believe that the negresses can produce children at pleasure; and where they are barren, it is just as hens will frequently not lay eggs on ship-board, because they do not like their situation. Women also used their menstrual cycle to absent themselves from work. They prolonged the period of breast feeding so they could get extra food, and go to work an hour late and leave an hour earlier as they were to get these by law. She also did this so she could take frequent break while working. Some women also would mutilate their bodies. Beckles and Shepherd noted that a slave women in British Virgin Islands severed her hand with a cutlass in protest of slavery. Many enslaved women in the BWI can be called â€Å"rebel women†. Enslaved women were actively involved whether directly or in directly, in many slave revolts and rebellions that took place in the Caribbean. Record indicate that women were are the forefront in the panning of revolts. This was seen in the Christmas Rebellion of 1831 led by Sam Sharpe wher several women were among the planners. They include Susan (Stacry Plantation), Bina, Eliza Lawrence, Ann Guy and Kitty Scarlet. At the end of the rebellion, of the 344 persons convicted, 75 were women. In Barbados, Nanny Grigg was a chief planner and leader in the 1816 Barbados Rebellion.. Robert a slave in Barbados noted; † Sometime the last year, he heard the negores were all to be freed on New Years Day. That Nanny Grigg, a negro at Simmon’s, who said she could read, was the first person who told the negroes at Simmon’s so; and she said she had read it in the Newspapers, and that her Master was very uneasy at it; that she was always talking about it to the negroes, and told them that they were all damned fools to work, for that she would not, as freedom they were sure to get. That about a fortnight after New Year’s Day, she said the negroes were to be freed on Easter Monday, and the only way to get it was to fight for it, otherwise they would not get it; and the way they were to do, was to set fire, as that was the way they did in St. Domingo. † In revolts, women also played non-military, supportive roles. They suppplied water; acted as guides to provision grounds, helped to guard captives, poisoned and acted as look-outs. Thus, they were key persons in revolts. BWI enslaved women also practiced economic resistance. Women cultivated a variety of crops on their provision grounds which they sold to plantations, urban stores and local markets. Despite laws put in place by planters to stop women from selling certain items and huckstering, they still continued their tried. Enslaved women in Antigua according to Beckles and Shepherd rioted when planters tried to ban huckstering. Women also slowed economic resistance by putting more effort into working on their provision ground than on estates. Running away from plantation was another strategy used my women to resist slavery. Women ware always found among slaves who were †pulling foot†. Females often ran away from estates with their children to seek freedom. Chief among women who ran away were these who were new on the plantation as they wanted to be free. Women also ran away to be with their husband who worked on neighbouring or far estates. Women as young as six years old ran way from the plantation. Historians note that in some Maroon village there were more women than men. (See Appendix 2 to see the number of women who ran ways in Barbados). Lucille Mair stated that sally, a six year old girl ran away from the Passage Fort estate in 1780. To establish their freedom in these Maroon villages, women became involved in guerilla warfare. Nanny, leader of the Nanny Town Maroons was one woman who was skillful at guerilla warfare (See Appendix 1 for a photo of Nanny of the Maroons). She was known to use for spiritual power to defeat the British. Other women participated in armed revolts against the British. Records show that guerilla women were often taken as prisoners or killed. In Jamaica, the government offered ? 10 for every rebel women captured. Guerilla women also assisted in revolts by helping to carry off spoils, set fire to villages, worked provision grounds and provided soldiers with food. Hence they were active in the success of maroon villages. Women also killed, burned and plundered estates. Woment did not hesitate to kill whites on the plantations. They often poisoned their masters food and drink, or kelled them in revolts. Many women plundered the estates by stealing from plantations to provide runaways with food and weapons. Women who were hucksters also stole the goods they sold from the plantations. Some committed arson by burning cane fields and housed. Betty Phillips, a domestic slave on Griffiths’s estate in Barbados, ran way after setting fire to her master’s bed and curtains to burn down his house. During the period of slavery Africans were forbidden to continue the practicing their culture. Enslaved women in various ways did not obey this law. Through religion, storytelling and dances and other ways, they upheld their tradition. They practiced religions such as Voodoo, Myal and Kumina. They told African tales to their children, combed their hair in African styles, prepared African dishes and sang ant waked, funeral and in the fields. Thus, they did not seek to submit to the planters’ views that their culture was inferior. Finally, the tongue was a useful and effective weapon for many women in their resistance as they were not afraid to let their voices be heard. The quarrelsome nature of women made many planters regard them as viragos. Women were often taken to court for their rude behaviour and use of indecent language. In Port Royal, Jamaica, of the 3111 cases, 150 involved women being charge for using violent, abusive, indecent and threatening language. Women also made use of satirical sonds which they used to mock white men who they had affairs with, missionaries who they said were hypocrites for going after girls and white woman. One of the songs they sang was, â€Å"Hi! De Buckra, hi† Massa W-f-e da come ober de sea Wid him rougish heart and him tender look, And while he plaver and preach him book At the gro girl he’ll winkie him yeye â€Å"Hi! De Buckra, hi! † Women sang these songs when working in the fields to make their work lighter. They also sang protest somgs. Those who worked in the gret house would carrying information to the other slaves that they overheard the planters discussing. They would also make appeals in the courts. They would complain to magistrates about receiving bad treatment from masters. Therefore, their tong was a powerful instrument of attack and defence. CONCLUSION In concluding, based on the information presented above, one can see that women played an equally significant role as men to the anti-slavery movement in the British West Indies. In some cases they showed more resistance than men especially as they were the victims of physical and sexual abuse. Therefore, historians should see to higtlight their efforts more as if it wans’t for these efforts slavery would have lasted for a longer time.

Twisted pair cable Essay Example

Twisted pair cable Paper difference methods of electronic communication and transmission used. Communication Devices Switches These are mainly used for local area networks (LAN). The reason behind this is that they can be used to bridge a lot of computers together. They do look like hubs but they can vary in speed. They are more intelligent due to the fact that they can send out packets from a set port. There is advantage of using a network switch, they can be used with an Ethernet cable or a fibre optic cable and they still will work perfectly fine. When connecting a router or a server in an LAN or WAN network it is slightly easier because you would just need one cable which would mostly need to a fibre optic cable, so you can get the maximum rate of transfer speed. Routers They are mainly used for connecting one network to another. They are meant for handling information and forwarding to another network connected to the router. You can either connect using wireless or a cable. We will write a custom essay sample on Twisted pair cable specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Twisted pair cable specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Twisted pair cable specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Normally an Ethernet cable is used to connect the computer networks. Hubs Also known as a concentrator or a multiport repeater. Used in a star or a hierarchical network setup to connect the station or the cable segments. There are two main types of hubs: passive active. Active takes the incoming traffic, amplifies the signal and then forwards it all the ports. In a passive hub it simply divides the incoming traffic and forwards it. A hub can be used to manage and allow individual port configuration and traffic. Hubs operate on the physical layer of the OSI model and they are protocol transparent. This means that they do have the ability to set upper layer protocols such as IP, IPX or a MAC addresses. Hubs just extend them do not control the broadcast or collision domains. Bridges Used to increase the performance of a network by dividing it into separate collision domains. Even though they are more intelligent than hubs due to the fact that they operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model, they still are not able to control the upper layer protocols. On a separate segment they store the MAC addressing table of all nodes. Basically it takes the incoming frames and checks the destined MAC address and lookups it up against the store MAC addressing table and decides what to do. If the frame is comes from the same port as the destined port than it simply discards the frame. If the destined location is not known than it will be flooded throughout the outgoing ports and segments. Repeaters -One of the less complex hardware of the networking world, because it basically runs at the physical layer of an OSI model, so it is not aware of the frame formats and upper layer protocols. Repeater basically is used to expand a LAN network over large distance regenerating a signal. When using a repeater remember the 5-4-3 rule which means that a maximum distance between two hosts on the same network is 5. Use only maximum of 4 repeaters in a network and only 3 segments can be populated. Gateways Very intelligent devices, they work at the Transport Layer protocol. This is higher than the Upper Layer protocol. This means that can manage and control IP, IPX and MAC addressing. They allow IPX/SPX clients to IP/TCP uplink network to connect to the internet. A gateway in simple terms is like a post office. All the information is sent to it and then as a post office knows the number of houses in the area in the same way a gateway would know all the ports and direct it there. Cell Phones It is a piece of device which is used by a lot of people. It is a portable version and more advanced version of a normal home phone. It lets you voice calling, text messaging, the some other advanced phones even allow video calling and internet browsing. Cell phone is a full duplex device therefore you can connect it to your computer and use it as a modem even though it would be very slow. The newer released phones are somewhere near capable of the proper modem speeds. DCE DTE devices Data Communication Equipment (DCE) is basically equipment which allows communication with a Data Terminal Equipment (DTE). In another words DTE ends the communication line and a DCE provides the path of communication. An example of an DCE is an modem and a computer is a DTE. Fax Machine A device which allows you to send paper copies using PSTN lines to other people. It can also be used to send memos and other information as well. It uses the phone line to transmit the data that is sent. A fax machine has a sensor to read the data and the end of it. It will encode the black and white that it picks on the paper and moves it to the receiving end. It will compress the data before transmitting it. As soon as it receives the data it decodes and decompresses the data so it can arrange it in the way that it scanned it from the original document. There are a lot of things in a fax machine that allow it to do its function. It consists of a source projecting a light beam, a rotating cylinder and a photo electric cell. It also has paper feed like a printer. E-Mail Email also which is the short form for electronic mail. You can use e-mail to stay in contact with your friend/family even colleagues. It does it by finding out the person you want to email hes email address and then you will send him an email and click send and then that person will receive it. Signal Theory When talking about signal theory data is represented by digital format which is dependent on binary or base 2 principles. Analogue and digital frequencies are used for transmitting signals along a medium link. Analogue records the waveform as they are. Digital on the other hand turns the analogue signals normally to sets of number. Analogue signals can have varying amplitude and frequency. Amplitude analyzes the loudness of the signal and Frequency determines the pitch of the signal. Pitch mostly used to refer to low and high notes. If the frequency is lowered than you get a low note and if the opposite is applied than you get a high note. Bit is a binary digit which represents value of 0 which is normally off and 1 which is normally on. Bit can also be referred to as a electrical pulse which is generated by the inner clock in the control unit or data register. Bit can also be used for digital electronics which is another system that uses digital signals. Manipulation of a bit within the memory of a computer can be kept in a steady level on a storage device as a magnetic tape or disc. Byte which is made up of 8 bits is a unit measurement used for information stored on a computer. Synchronous Asynchronous Communication To sum up synchronous communication it is when interaction with data takes place it is done in real time. On the other hand asynchronous or delayed communication is when any data which is archived or stored and accessed later. It is important to choose the most effective delivery mode because it directly impacts the level of interaction that is going to take place. Synchronous It does not use start or stop bits but instead it synchronizes the transmission speed with receiving and sending end of transmission using the clock signals specifically built for each of the components. After this constant streams of data are transmitted between two sources. Because no start or stop bits are involved data transmission is faster, but more problems occur because if latency takes into effect then the synchronization clock will be out of timing therefore the receiving node will get the wrong timings that have been acknowledged in the protocol sending and receiving data. If this happens then data can be corrupted, missing or even wrong message. There are ways around this which take time. You could use check digits and re-synchronize the clocks so that you can verify that the transmission has been successful and has not been interrupted. Advantages of using synchronous transmission are that lower overhead and more data can be transmitted and data transmission rates are also faster. The drawbacks of using synchronous transmission is obviously more prone to problems, it is more expensive and more complex. Asynchronous Opposite to synchronous it uses start and stop bits to mark the start and end of a transmission, this means that 8 bit ASCII characters would be transmitted using 10 bits because the use of start and stop bits. For example (1)10111111(0) the bracketed out one and zero at the start and end mark the start and end of a transmission. This tells the receiving either the first character is transmitting or finished transmitting. This method of transmission is normally used when data is sent occasionally as opposed to in solid stream. Benefits of using asynchronous data is that it works out cheaper because timing is not that important and it is also simple because both end do not require synchronization. Drawback are that if a large amount of data is to be transmitted it would take a long time this is because a lot of bits are only for control uses they do not contain any useful information. Bandwidth is used to define how much volume a medium can transmit. Basically it is the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted across mediums. The more bandwidth a wire can handle the higher transmission rates can be achieved. It can also high transmission rates for multiple users. But there are restrictions in place such as if a user has been transmitting a lot of data between a period of time then a temporary limit will be put on. This is quite common with ISPs. To stop this happening to you best thing to do is not to download a lot at the same time and also close programs which use the bandwidth continuously. Radio Transmission Radio is a way of transmitting signals using varied tones which convey a message of electromagnetic waves with a frequency. Electromagnetic radiation travels in direction of oscillating electromagnetic fields which go through the air and vacuum of space. Changes in radiated waves such as amplitude, frequency or phase allow information to be carried systematically. If the radio waves pass through electrical conductors the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. This could be detected and changed into sound or any other type of signal which is able to carry information. Every radio system has a inbuilt transmitter this is the source which allows electrical energy that produces a alternating current of a desired frequency of oscillation. The inbuilt transmitter also has a system which changes some properties of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This change could be as simple as turning the signal on or off. Change could be more complex such as alternating more subtle properties such as amplitude, frequency, phase or combination of all three properties. The modulated electrical energy is sent via the transmitter to an antenna. Antenna changes the alternating current electromagnetic waves; this allows the waves to transmit in the air. There are drawbacks of using radio. First is attenuation can happen, this basically means the longer the wave has travelling to get to its destination the more weaker it gets. Most obvious example of this would be someone listening to FM radio in the midlands; the further he goes away from the midlands the more signal gets weaker. Microwave An electromagnetic based wave which has a range or wavelength of up to 30 GHz. Currently microwaves are getting more popular due to advancing technologies. Microwave offers high bandwidth at low cost. Most common problem with microwave transmission is reflection. Microwaves are common used for radar which pickup planes and helicopters flying in the air. Microwaves will hit the plane or helicopter and reflect back and gets calculated giving the position of the flying object. Waves are reflected due to a barrier which stops the wave from going further so it hits the barrier and reflects back. Reflection affects the signal if the reflection is not good then the reflection wont happen therefore a dead or a blank signal will be received. To minimize the effect try staying close the satellite. Wireless protocols such as Bluetooth use microwaves to transmit. Satellite Satellite is a orbiting piece of hardware which has been left floating in the air from big companies like Microsoft, satellite can be used for communication. There are also other types of satellites which are used for spying or used for online maps such as Google maps, Microsoft live maps or another services. Satellites provide high bandwidth solutions. Satellite is categorized as a WAN because it uses high speed long distance communication technology which allows them to connect to computers. Attenuation also affects satellite connection due to the same reason. If a satellite is not in the required position and starts transmitting signal it will not reach television so they might not work properly or correctly. Satellite dish has to be in the same direction as the satellite. Satellite signals reach television using a transmission antenna which is located at an uplink facility. The facility has an uplink satellite dish which would be around 9-12 meters in diameter. The bigger the diameter of the satellite the more accurate signals and better signal strength from the satellite is received. The satellite dish would be pointed towards the satellite and the uplinked signal is received by the transponder at a certain frequency. This frequency is normally C-band (4-8 GHz) or KU-band (12-18 GHz). The transponder then retransmits the signal back to the earth. NTSC, PAL or SECAM are three broadcast standards used through out the world. NTSC is normally used in the US, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, South Korea and other countries. PAL which stands for Phase Alternating Line is an colour encoding system which is used by over 120 countries in the world. In a few years time most of the countries will stop using PAL and either change to DVB-T SECAM It is sequential colour with memory is the analogue colour television system. SECAM was Europes first colour television standard and France currently uses it. The analogue signals for the three broadcasting types are transmitted via a satellite link scramble or unscramble. The analogue signal is a frequency modulated and transformed for a FM to something called baseband. The baseband fuses the audio and video sub carrier. The audio sub is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal. Digital TVs that transmit via satellites are normally based on open standards such as MPEG and DVB-S. MPEG which stands for Moving Pictures Experts Group is a compressed format which code moving pictures and associated audio information. There is also MPEG 2 which is a digital television signal which is broadcasted via terrestrial cable and direct broadcast satellite TV systems. DVB-S which stands for Digital Video Broadcasting is a standard for satellite TVs which forward error coding and modulation. It is used by every single satellite that serves a continent. Standards Organizations There are difference types of standard organizations. These are the various types of standard organizations TIA/EIA, RS-232, IEEE, ISO, OSI and Manchester Encoding. ISO/OSI International Standards Organizations Open System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) is the standard model for networking protocols and distributed applications. ISO/OSI defines seven network layers. 1. Physical 2. Data Link 3. Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application I will be only be explaining in-depth the first network layer: Physical. This layer defines what cable or physical medium to be used. There are lots of different types of cable thinnet, thicknet, TPC, UTP. All of these mediums are functionally the same. The major difference between the various cables is the cost, convenience, installation and maintenance. Converters from one media to another operate at this level. TIA/EIA Telecommunications Industry Association Electronics Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA), state the standards which should be used laying cables in a building or a campus. TIA/EIA describes how a hierarchical topology should be laid out. A system where a main cross connect system is used and connected using a star topology using a backbone cabling through a intermediate or a horizontal cross connect. This type of cabling or similar is also used for laying out telecommunication cables. The backbone cabling method will be used to connect the entrance facilities to the main cross connect. In areas such as office a horizontal cross connect for the consolidation of the horizontal cabling, which extends into a star topology. Maximum stated horizontal cable distance should anywhere between 70M-90M. This applies to TTP (Twisted Pair Cable), but the fibre optic horizontal cabling has a set limit of 90M. IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers allows the development of Electro Technology which in other words applies to electricity applied to technology. Societies like the IEEE Computer Society are subsidiaries of the IEEE itself. This standards organization also publishes journals. Devices such as digital camera need set amount of bandwidth speed so it uses a IEEE plug. Any device that uses the IEEE standard uses a twisted pair cable. Signalling Standards NRZ- It stands for Non Return to Zero. It is a binary code normally used for slow speed synchronous and asynchronous transmission interfaces. Ones is represented as a small voltage and zero is negative voltages. They are transmitted by either by set or constant DC voltages. It also uses additional synchronisation so it dose not lose any bits in the process. NRZ-L Non Return to Zero Level is similar to NRZ, but it not a binary code. Same as NRZ one is represented as small voltage, but zero is also represented as a small voltage but it is not as big voltage as one, Therefore it allows more data to be send without a lot of signal change. NRZ-M Non Return to Zero Mark again similar to NRZ, but one is actually represented by a change in physical state and zero is represented as change in physical state. This basically means that there is no voltage when there is no change in physical state. RS-232 This standard applies to serial data transfer such as the 9 pin serial connecters which are commonly used on a computer motherboard. The data is sent in as time series of bits. Synchronous Asynchronous is both supported by this standard. This standard and states the number of control circuits that can be or need to be used to connect the DCE DTE terminal with one another. Data and control circuits which are signalled from a DTE connected to a DCE or vice versa will always flow and operate in one direction this is called half duplex. Only full duplex allows data to be sent and received in both directions at the same time. Manchester Encoding Data bits which are represented by transitions from a logical state another is called Manchester encoding. This is a digital type encoding. In this encoding the signal is self clocking because the length of every data bit is set by default. Depending on the transition direction the state of the bit can be analyzed.

Judith Not Wright essays

Judith Not Wright essays Judith Wright is a respected Australian poet is also known as a conservationist and protester. Her poetry has captured the most amazing imagery of Australian Culture. For Australian students to understand their own culture and history it is necessary to study the best poetry and Judith Wrights poetry is definitely some of the best. Her achievement in translating the Australian experience into poetry led in her best work to a rich inheritance of lyricism and directness. Through stories told by older workers on the property she learnt of the pioneers' part in both the destruction of the land and the dispossession and murder of the aboriginal people. The sense of fear she felt at invasion enabled her to understand, at some level, how the Aborigines would have felt. Judith Wright wrote about many things in her poems, which are necessary for Australian students to be taught which apply to learning about Australia. Australian culture is something Judith wrote about very strongly and this shows through her poem Bora Ring. Bora Ring is about the Aborigine culture and how it has been lost by the invasion of Europeans. The hunter is gone: the spear is splintered underground; the painted bodies a dream the world breathed sleeping and forgot. This is an incredible paragraph extracted from Bora Ring. This poem depicts perfectly of the European invasion of Australia. It shows how the traditions and stories are gone, how the hunting and rituals are gone and lost in an alien tale, the Europeans being the aliens. This poem also describes that it seemed as if the tradition of Aborigines was breathed sleeping and forgot. These are powerful words Judith Wright used to show how they Aborigines were quickly invaded and forgotten. This poem is an excellent example of why Australian students should study her poetry. Australian relationships are depicted per ...

Chinatown and Leicester Square in Light of Ethnographic Analysis Essay

Chinatown and Leicester Square in Light of Ethnographic Analysis - Essay Example Over time, the larger part of the Chinese minority in London came to be concentrated in the Limehouse district, in an area known as Chinatown these days. Swarming with gambling dens and opium dens, it used to be perceived as a place with high rates of crime, violence and haplessness by the majority of London inhabitants at the time. Nevertheless there is no doubt it did promote economic prosperity. Leicester Square derives its name from Robert Sidney, second Earl of Leicester, born in 1595, who acquired land in the area for his housing development project in 1630 and 1648. In its early times the area was a residential place for prominent foreigners such as artists and craftsmen and also ambassadors and royalty. The 19th century saw the boom of cafes, entertainment and clubs. To all this, cinema was added early on in the 20th century, competing against and eventually gaining prevalence over other forms of entertainment. The movie sector remains strongly tied-up with the place up to this day. (Sheppard, 1966). In 2002, the City Council adopted the Leicester Square Action Plan, following widespread public consultation (Westminster City Council, 2009). Present condition It is interesting to note that while the Chinese community is open to all influences of the country they are living in, yet they do not appear to lose the distinct characteristics of their own culture. Distinctive marks of that culture are felt in architecture, design, behaviour and in nearly ever every item of daily usage. In 2005 the property development agency Rosewheel ran by Richard Bowen announced plans to redevelop the western portion of Chinatown to make it still more suitable for tourism and for leisure activities, such as dining out. As part of the plan, roads are to be pedestrianized and shop fronts extended into the roads so as to transform the place into something new, thus bringing another kind of businesses into the picture. As is apparent from their reactions, the present property owners and tenants in the area feel strongly opposed to the prospected changes, as some of them would get evicted, while others fear the expected rise of rent in the area. Approximately 20 local businesses are going to close and 200 people lose their jobs in the process. That is why the Chinese community took defensive action, citing community figurehead Jabez Lam on their website, who says he believes that "Rosewheel is determined to put hundreds of shopkeepers and employees out of work. [The redevelopment] w ill break up the social fabric of those working, living and visiting the area." (DimSum, 2009). Chinatown derives substantial benefits from the grey economy, as evidenced by Paul Kingsnorth in his Guardian article: "Jabez wants to show me something. He walks me around the corner to Gerrard Street, where he points to a dingy staircase. To one side is a red plaque with gold Chinese lettering on it. 'This used to be a brothel,' he says with a slight smile. 'Now

Sociology Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology Paper - Essay Example In the reading, â€Å"making sense of the senseless: understanding genocide†, the authors begin with a statement that solidifies their greater purpose. That is, â€Å"all genocides are horrific, but not all genocides are the same. they can arise from cold-blooded calculations, realistic fears instincts for revenge, or ideologies of purification. understanding-and perhaps forestalling- genocide requires clear distinctions,† (Chirot & Edwards, p.406). A clear distinction to be made would be that, while genocide and the wars that come about are horrid, their root causes can differ to varying degrees, by what caused them in the first place. The inner meaning of the text, as written by Daniel Chirot and Jennifer Edwards, is to consider the frightening human atrocities of such events as the ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, as well as the extermination of the Jewish people during World War II, along with Rwanda, but to look at them through the means in which they were initiated. â€Å"The inevitable comparisons of these recent atrocities to those of the past, most notably the Holocaust, are highly controversial. Classifying an event as a genocide can be used to legitimate the claims of survivors or as justification for reprisals against perpetrators. Therefore, several questions about genocide should be considered: (1) How successful does an attempted â€Å"cleansing† of a group need to be to warrant classification as genocide? (2) Does a certain number or percentage of a population need to be killed? (3) Does the intent of the perpetrators make any difference? (4) Should the term genocide be reserved for the murder and expulsion of religious or ethnic minority groups or can political dissidents or enemies in war be victims of genocide?† (Chirot & Edwards, p.406). The subjective facts listed within the article would be the tendency of many to want to classify any form of

Measuring Processes of Pipelining

Measuring Processes of Pipelining Sakshi Dua Abstract Discuss the method to measure the performance of pipelining. Give a space-time diagram for visualizing the pipeline behavior for a four-stage pipeline. Also discuss some way to control a pipeline for collision free operations. Introduction Pipelining: A pipelining is a series of stages ,where some work is done at each stage .The work is not finished until it has passed through all stages.It is a technique used in advanced microprocessors where the microprocessor begin executing a second instruction before the first has been completed Three performance measures pipeline are provided:- Speed-up S(n) Throughput U(n) Efficiency E(n) . Speedup S(n):- Consider the execution of m tasks (instructions) using n-stages (units) pipeline. n+m-1 time units are required to complete m tasks. it is assumed that the unit time T = t units. Speed-up S(n) = Time using sequential processing - Time using pipeline processing = m * n * t (n + m 1)* t = m * n n + m -1 Lim S(n) = n m→∞ i.e. n fold increase in speed is theoretically possible. Throughtput T(n):- Throughtput U(n)= # of task executed per unit time = m - (n + m 1)* t Lim U(n) = 1 m→∞ Efficiency E(n):- Efficiency E(n) = Ratio of the actual speed-up to maximum speed-up = speed-up - n = m n + m -1 Lim E(n) = 1 m→∞ Space Time Diagram For Four Stage Pipeline The behavior of pipeline can be illustrated with space time diagram that the segment or stage utilization as a function of time .The horizontal axis displays the time in clock cycles and the vertical axis gives the segment number.The Diagram shows 6 tasks T1 through T6 executed in 4 segments. Task T1 is handled by segment 1.after the first clock,segment 2 is busy with T1,while segment is busy with task T2.Continuing in this manner,the first task T1 is completed after the fourth clock cycle.From then on,the pipe completes a task every clock cycle. clock I/p s S1 R1 S2 R2 S3 R3 S4 R4 DIAGRAM: FOUR STAGE PIPELINE clock Stage:1 2 3 4 SPACE TIME DIAGRAM FOR PIPELINE For example:- Consider the case where n- stages pipeline with a clock cycle time tp is used to execute m tasks. The first task t1 requires a time equal to ntp to complete its operation since there are n stages in the pipe. The remaining m-1 task emerge from the pipe at the rate of one task per clock cycle and they will be completed after a time equal to (m-1)tp. Therefore, to complete m tasks using a n-stages pipeline requires n+(m-1) clock cycles. For eg. Above diagram shows four stages and 6 tasks. The time required to complete all the operations is 4+(6-1)=9 clock cycles. Consider a non pipeline unit that performs the same operation and takes a time equal to tn to complete each task. The total time required m tasks is mtn. The speedup of a pipeline processing over a equivalent non pipeline processing is defined by the ratio S(n)= mtn (n+m-1)tp As the no. Of tasks increases , m becomes much larger than m-1 and n+m-1 approaches the value of m. Under the condition , the speedup becomes S(n)= tn tp Assume that the time it takes to process a task is the same in the pipeline and non pipeline circuits, we will have tn = ntp including this assumption, the speedup reduces to S(n)= ntp = N tp This shows that the theoretical max. Speedup that a pipeline can provide is n,where n is the no. Of stagessegments in the pipeline. To clarify the meaning of the speedup ratio, let the time it takes to process a suboperation in each segment be equal to tp=20 ns Assume that the pipeline has n stages and executes n =100 tasks in sequence. The pipeline system will take (n+m-1)tp =(4+99)*20 =2060 ns to complete. Assuming that tn=mtp 4*20=80 ns, A non pipeline system requires mntp=100*80=8000 ns to complete the 100 taks. The speedup ratio is equal to the 8000/2060=3.88. As the no. Of tasks increases,the speedup will approach 4, which is equal to the no. Of stages in the pipeline. If assume that tn=60 ns, the speedup becomes 60/20=3. Some way to control a pipeline for collision free operations To avoid the collision in data dependency operation are: Hardware Interlocks It is an interlock circuit that detects instructions whose source operands are destinations of instructions farther up in the pipeline. Detection of the situation causes the instruction whose source is not available to be delayed by enough clock cycles to resolve the collision. This way the program maintains the sequence by using hardware to insert the required delays. Operand Forwarding It uses special hardware to detect a collision and then avoid it by routing the data through special paths between pipeline stages. This method requires additional hardware paths through multiplexers as well as the circuit that detects the collision. Delayed Load It solves the data collision problem to the compiler that translates the high level language into a machine language program. The compiler for such computers is designed to detect a data collision and reorder the instructions as necessary to delay the loading of the collisioned data by inserting no-operation instructions. This way is referred to as delayed load. To avoid the collision in branch instructions operations are: Prefetch Target Instruction This is used to handling a conditional branch is to prefetch the target instruction in the additional to the instruction following branch. Bath are saved until the branch is executed. If the branch condition is successful, the pipeline continues from the branch target instruction. An extension the procedure is to continue fetching instructions from both places until the branch decision is of the correct program flow. Branch Target Buffer The BTB is an associative memory included in the fetch segment of the pipeline. Each entry in the BTB consists of the address of a previously executed branch instruction and the target instruction for that branch. It stores the new few instructions after the associative memory BTB for the address of the instruction . If it is in the BTB,the instruction is available directly and prefetch continues from the new path. If the instruction is not in the BTB, the pipeline shifts to a new instruction stream and stores the target instruction in the BTB. Advantage is that branch instruction occurred previously are readily available in the pipeline without interruption. Load Buffer A Variation of the BTB is the load buffer. This is a small very high speed register file maintained by instruction fetch segment of the pipeline. When a program loop is detected in the program, it is stored in the loop buffer in its entirely, including all branches. The program loop can be executed directly without having to access memory until he loop mode is removed by final branching out. Branch Prediction A pipeline with branch prediction uses some additional logic to guess he outcome of a conditional branch instruction before it is executed . The pipeline then begins refetching the instruction stream from the predicted path. A correct prediction eliminates the wasted time caused by branch penalties. Delayed Branch This is the way to employed in RICS processors is the delayed branch. In the procedure, the compiler detects the branch instruction and instruction hat keep the pipeline operating without interruptions. An example of delayed branch is the insertion of a no operation instruction after a branch instruction . This causes the computer to fetch the target instruction during the execution of the no-operation instruction ,allowing a continuous flow of the pipeline.

Flame of Hope :: Description Essays

Flame of Hope I was walking along Michigan Ave., in Grant Park, when I saw it across the street. I couldn’t take my eyes off it. It was a sculpture entitled Flame of Hope, by Leonardo Nierman. I know I’ve passed by this sculpture before, but I never really paid any attention to it. I don’t know why, but it caught my eye today. Maybe it was the break in the buildings, or the way the sun was reflecting off of it, but for whatever reason I was fixated. The sculpture is in between three buildings, right next to another sculpture. It seems as though the sculptures were placed there to give the people of Chicago something to look at other than buildings. The sculpture is made of shiny, silver, metal and has a very smooth surface. Because of the time of day and the way the sun has been reflecting off the sculpture, its surface is hot to touch. Some parts are hidden from the sun though, and no matter how hard the sun tries, it will never reach those areas. It’s like an unending game of tag where the sun is always it. Standing next to the sculpture, I’m reminded of how little I actually am. It’s a very humbling experience whenever one realizes how little a person really is when compared to the big picture. For some reason, that’s the feeling I got as I looked up at this shiny piece of metal. The flame is made up of several distorted shapes, both large and small, but in some way, they all fit together, like a j igsaw puzzle. All the shapes are not connected though, and there are places where you can look through and see the sky. It’s as if someone took a picture, and for one brief moment, the sky is frozen in time. There are so many angles and curves to this sculpture. It looks as though it's in continual motion; it intertwines within itself. Depending on where you stand, it can take on different shapes and personalities. From across the street, I could see a dancer. Her arms and legs flailing about to the ever-changing beat of the music that has captured her soul. The beautiful dancer is in continual movement; never stopping for a breath, she just keeps dancing. In between the buildings she moves, allowing anyone who wants to stop, to enjoy the show. Flame of Hope :: Description Essays Flame of Hope I was walking along Michigan Ave., in Grant Park, when I saw it across the street. I couldn’t take my eyes off it. It was a sculpture entitled Flame of Hope, by Leonardo Nierman. I know I’ve passed by this sculpture before, but I never really paid any attention to it. I don’t know why, but it caught my eye today. Maybe it was the break in the buildings, or the way the sun was reflecting off of it, but for whatever reason I was fixated. The sculpture is in between three buildings, right next to another sculpture. It seems as though the sculptures were placed there to give the people of Chicago something to look at other than buildings. The sculpture is made of shiny, silver, metal and has a very smooth surface. Because of the time of day and the way the sun has been reflecting off the sculpture, its surface is hot to touch. Some parts are hidden from the sun though, and no matter how hard the sun tries, it will never reach those areas. It’s like an unending game of tag where the sun is always it. Standing next to the sculpture, I’m reminded of how little I actually am. It’s a very humbling experience whenever one realizes how little a person really is when compared to the big picture. For some reason, that’s the feeling I got as I looked up at this shiny piece of metal. The flame is made up of several distorted shapes, both large and small, but in some way, they all fit together, like a j igsaw puzzle. All the shapes are not connected though, and there are places where you can look through and see the sky. It’s as if someone took a picture, and for one brief moment, the sky is frozen in time. There are so many angles and curves to this sculpture. It looks as though it's in continual motion; it intertwines within itself. Depending on where you stand, it can take on different shapes and personalities. From across the street, I could see a dancer. Her arms and legs flailing about to the ever-changing beat of the music that has captured her soul. The beautiful dancer is in continual movement; never stopping for a breath, she just keeps dancing. In between the buildings she moves, allowing anyone who wants to stop, to enjoy the show.

Positive psychology Essay

Positive psychology is literally all about the positive energy within a person. It is an organized attempt to make the most out of it. It is believed by the psychologists that it is preventative therapy instead of it being post illness therapy. Most of the psychologists that believe in this system believe in the glass being half full. It is optimism and happiness that can lead a person to live a better and a fuller life. I believe that action must be taken before it is too late. The effort of professionals in trying to make the world a happy place and to attempt to make a go at it is commendable. It is a very effective method of trying to bring out the positive energy. In the fast changing world of today, materialism and consumerism rule the roost. It is that only that which is making a lot of people unhappy unnecessarily. It is the competition and the need to strive for more. Positive psychology teaches one to be satisfied with what one has. Once that person is happy, he will emit happiness. Happiness, laughter and smiles are all contagious. One smile goes a long way. Many a times it takes just a smile to light up a person’s day. Small changes in ones lifestyles on a daily basis can go about a long way in maintaining a healthy outlook on life. It is important to appreciate the small things in life. One needs to take time out to stop and stare. To be able to smell the flower. To be able to see the ants in the garden. On a more personal level, being more organized can save a person from unnecessary frustration and anger while looking for something. Knowing where to find what can add to the confidence and that’s a small step towards having a good day. In the long term, it is important to remind to oneself, the need for patience and tolerance. A cool mind can handle any problem more effectively and let it affect one much lesser. At the end of the day, positive psychology is all about the ripple effect one person can have on the community. It is the chain reaction caused by the positive energy radiating from one person to the other. It is all about happiness, and sharing. It is truly about being human.

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