Pre- Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Weight Gain During...

During pregnancy, many women experience hypertensive and diabetic disorders. These disturbances usually cease to exist after delivery; however, they may impose serious complications for mother and or/ fetus. Some evidence suggests that both disorders can be attributed to pre- pregnancy body mass index of the mother, and other evidence suggests that they are precipitated by weight gain that occurs during pregnancy. The authors of ‘Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Weight Gain during Pregnancy: Relations with Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension, and Birth Outcomes’ theorized in their introduction that â€Å"maternal obesity at conception increases the risk of maternal and or/ fetal complications in pregnancy, and labor and birth† (Heude, et†¦show more content†¦However, â€Å"after excluding mothers with gestational diabetes or hypertension that occurred before birth the correlation for LGA, respectively weakened for obese women and strengthened for wome n that had a high net weight gain† (Heude, et al., 2012). In addition, a â€Å"higher net gestational weight gain was significantly associated with an increased risk of LGA only after accounting for blood pressure and glucose disorders† (Heude, et al., 2012). Analysis of the Article Within the first few paragraphs of the study, the researchers clearly identified the purpose of the study. The purpose of ‘Pre- pregnancy Body Mass Index and Weight Gain During Pregnancy’ was to study â€Å"the relationship between pre- pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight gain during pregnancy and birth outcomes, with a focus on gestational diabetes and hypertension and their role in the association with fetal growth† (Heude, et al., 2012). The tenacity for wanting to complete such a study was also clearly given, as the researchers stated several reasons with regards to the importance of their study. In addition, the results of the study were compatible with the original intentions of the study, as they accomplished all that they had set out to prove. The title of Heude et., Al (2012) article is a good one in that it clearly defines the variables that would be measured in their study andShow MoreRelatedWomen Experiencing Gestational Diabetes Are At Higher Risk For Spontaneous Preterm Birth779 Words   |  4 Pagesunderweight or having low pregnancy weight gain: Overly thin women whose Body Mass Index (BMI) is ≠¤18.50 kg/m2 or those who fail to gain an adequate amount of weight during pregnancy are at higher risk of having a preterm delivery or a low birth weight infant (Masho, Bishop, Munn, 2013). A recent study found that overly thin women are most at risk for spontaneous preterm birth (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.38-2.09) with premature rupture of the membrane (PROM) when they gain 7 kg (15 lbs) or betweenRead MoreExploring The Negative Effects Of Maternal Obesity1675 Words   |  7 Pagesrisks during pregnancy and labor. In addition, a disconnect in perception and awareness exists such that most obese pregnant women who gain weight during pregnancy underestimate their Body Mass Index (BMI); and also have poor knowledge about the risk associated with obesity. In our time period, there is a significant increase in the average body index in all age groups and most commonly with the women who are entering their reproduction age. According to the article, â€Å"Weight Gain During Pregnancy†Read MoreTaking a Look at Maternal Obesity2007 Words   |  8 PagesThe references used are located in the last part of this essay. The literature search was conducted using the keywords and terms maternal obesity, overweight, pregnancy obesity complications, pregnancy risks for obesity, weight gain in pregnancy and prevalence of maternal obesity in Australia. Articles, researches and journals published within the last five years were chosen to gather the most recent peer-reviewed and evidence-based information. The databases that were used include CinahlFT andRead MoreMaternal Obesity Induce Offspring with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease1700 Words   |  7 Pagesby the high adipose tissue, resulting in the body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30kg/m. The high BMI is responsible for many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), considered as a major contributing risk factor. Figure 1. Prevalence of obesity at first prenatal visit from 1980 to 1999 (Lu et al. 2001). Maternal obesity has also substantially increased in response to the general expansion of body mass index (BMI) (Kim et al. 2007). Pre-pregnancy obesity significantly ascended between 1980Read MoreJapanese Women Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pageslimited weight gain recommended for pregnant women. More than 7 in 10 women received instructions about acceptable weight gain from their Japanese doctor or midwife, with 7-8 kg being the most commonly cited range (by 40 percent of respondents) for a singleton pregnancy. Somewhat alarmingly, at least from a Western viewpoint, 17 percent of the mothers who received guidance were told that the optimal gain was 6 kg or less. The vast majority of women in the survey put on between 10 and 15 kg during theirRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Pregnancy On Pregnancy1752 Words   |  8 Pagesmaternal weight gain in pregnancy is a predominant influence among complications such as prematurity, preterm labor, and LBW†. Weight gained in pregnancy can be considered a crucial predictor of adverse outcomes than weight or BMI at delivery (Ehrenberg et.al 2003). Inadequate GWG in pregnancy may bring forth nutritional deficiencies that increases the predisposition to preterm delivery (Ehrenberg et.al 2003). In terms of prematurity, Ehrenberg et.al (2003) found that the effect of GWG during pregnancyRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1390 Words   |  6 Pagestime, leading to the accumulation of excess body fat. Nonetheless, many complex societal and behavioral factors contribute to the sources of obesity. An estimated 25% of Women in the UK are obese, and this is associated with social inequality: the frequency of obesity rises with greater levels of destitution. Almost half of the women population that have attained childbearing age in England are either obese or overweight. Maternity Obesity; Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 and higher, at the initial antenatalRead MoreFast Food Has A High Energy Density And Low Nutrient Profile1554 Words   |  7 Pagesachieve convenience. Drive-throughs, delivery, and pre-packaged meals regularly provide consumers with breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack options within minutes of ordering. However, fast food has a high energy density and low nutrient profile that has led to a worldwide increase of waistline. Obesity is becoming one of the most prevalent nutritional diseases in developed countries. In the United States, adult body fat is measured using body mass index. Approximately 73 million adults have BMIs greaterRead MorePrenatal Case Study : Prenatal Therapy1590 Words   |  7 Pages According to the information given by SuperTracker regarding Pam’s diet, she is clearly deficient in vitamins and minerals that are essential during pregnancy. These vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in fetal development and keeping her weight within healthy ranges. A few adjustments to Pam’s lifestyle could go a long way in transforming her body into an ideal one for childbearing. Pam’s diet and nutritional concerns The immediate concern that arises when analyzing Pam’s diet is her deficiencyRead MoreEssay about The Epidemic of Childhood Obesity in the United States994 Words   |  4 Pageshaving a foreign born mother can protect a child from weight-related problems. 3. Information (three important facts) the author uses to support the purpose: A. The child obesity epidemic remains a major public concern in the United States and other countries. B. According to the data provided by the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES), 24.4% of children aged 2-5 years were at or above the 86 percentile on the Body Mass Index (BMI) -forage growth charts. C. Immigrants have

10 Best Tree and Forestry Reference Books and Guides of 2019

Should Gay Marriage Be Legalized - 1705 Words

Megan Miner December 10, 2014 Political Science 1100 Period 4 Tooele B Research Paper Option 1 Gay marriage has and still is a huge controversy in the United States. I will say though that the U.S. has come along way when it comes to same-sex marriage. As of November 20, 2014 gay marriage is now legal in thirty-five of the fifty U.S. states. Massachusetts was the first state to legalize same-sex marriage in May of two thousand and four. As of October ninth two-thousand and fourteen, only sixteen out of one hundred and ninety-four countries allow same sex marriage. By those odds I would say that the U.S. is actually doing pretty well at accepting gay marriage. My question is then why can t Congress change the Federal Marriage Amendment now with out causing a million problems. So I decided to dig further into the history of gay marriage before looking at the proponents and opponents of legalizing gay marriage. It has been said that gay rights and gay right movements are traced back to the Stonewall Riots. The riot occurred at Stonewall Inn in New York City on June 28, 1969 afte r a police raid at a gay bar-and note that at this time it was illegal to even have a homo-sexual relationship at all except in Illinois-. As a result of this riot the number of gay organizations in the country sky rocketed. The numbers went from a small fifty something to thousands all in a span of four to five years. Shortly after that in nineteen seventy-three the gay liberation movementShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legalized938 Words   |  4 Pages Gay marriage is in fact a controversial topic that many people feel strongly about. I believe that gay marriage should be legalized without being penalized by people who disagree with it. I will, within reason, explain to you why gay marriage should be legalized and argue against Karlee’s essay about why gay marriage shouldn’t be legalized. The first thing Karlee talks about in her opposing essay is, â€Å"Children of same-sex couples, biological or not, need both a mother and a father inRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?1313 Words   |  6 PagesCredit – Should gay marriage be legalized? Marriage is considered to be the rite of passage from an religious point of view, it is considered as holy matrimony before the eyes of God. Attraction between individuals of the same sex has been a topic of debate. However, over the past few years gay individuals made a decision to our grievances of oppression despite receiving tremendous critics from the public. Initially, gay marriagesRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?935 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a lot of controversy about gay marriage and whether or not it should be legalized in certain states that haven t yet legalized it. My opinion on this topic is that it should not be legalized for various reasons. My reasons on this have nothing to do with religion because religion shouldn’t have anything to do with their opinion; religion is a biased opinion because of its authenticity. Another thing that shouldn’t be considered is their opinio n that doesn’t have a reasoning behind it likeRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legalized1379 Words   |  6 PagesName: Tutor: Course: Date: Gay Marriages Marriage is considered as hypothetically speaking, a rite of passage whilst from the religious point of view, it is considered as holy matrimony before a supreme being. Attraction between individuals of the same sex has been a topic of debate since time immemorial. However, over the past few years gay individuals have opted to air grievances of oppression despite receiving tremendous critics from the public. Initially, gay marriages were unfathomable eventsRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized? Essay1828 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction What does it mean to be gay and why does society discriminate against those who are deemed to be gay? This paper establishes that being gay is primarily based on the supposition that one is either homosexual, transgender, lesbian, or bisexual. It also establishes that one of the primary reasons why gays are discriminated against within the society is religion; that some of the views held by different religious conclaves substantiate gay rejection by the society. On a more personal ratherRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legalized1280 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity and abides by the law should be afforded the rights of an American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gay and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even if they are upstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop because gay and lesbian couples are law-abidingRead More Should gay marriages be legalized? Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Should same sex marriages be legal? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Same-sex marriages have been very controversial since becoming an issue in Canada regarding the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Several people state that same-sex marriages should be legal, while others disagree, saying it should not be permitted. There have been many debates and inquiries about this issue for several years; the MP’s and Parliament will finally settle the problem within the next year or so. Many are in favourRead More Gay Marriage Should be Legalized Essays1696 Words   |  7 Pages There are numerous opinions and standing views on gay marriage. The argument regarding gay marriage should be legalized or not is extremely controversial. According to an article from the Human Rights Campaign, there is nothing wrong with allowing homosexuals to have the same rights as those who are heterosexual. Every individual person should be granted equal rights, regardless of sexuality. Gay marriage should be legalized in all states and coun tries, it has been held off for too long. MoreoverRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?727 Words   |  3 Pages Everyone, regardless of gender orientation or sexual preference deserves equal rights, such as marriage, feeling comfortable with whom they are, and being treated like any other human being. Right now gay marriage is a hot topic in many states, however, what say should the government get in who you love and want to marry? Beyond a court room, research has been done on the idea of transgenderism and what causes people to be like that or if people are truly born in the wrong bodyRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized? Essay464 Words   |  2 PagesMarriage is defined as the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life. In the definition it says couple, with out indication of gender. In our society gay marriage is a hot topic. Previously legalizing gay marriage was out of the question, but as times has changed and more liberal politicians have gained office to reflect th e views of today’s society. One of the reasons that LGBT people fight for the right to marry because married couples receive more protections and advantages in

Women in Slave Resistance free essay sample

According to Lucille Mathurin Mair in her article entitled â€Å"The Rebel Woman in the British West Indies During Slavery†, coming from West African, enslaved women in the Caribbean developed a gret level of self-respect and confidence. This was due to the fact that many of them held great amount of power and authority in Africa. Being child bearers, women were held in high esteem and were an asset to their tribe. Women also held high positions such as Queen Mother in African societies. Taken from there homes in West Africa, these women lost their status as they were stripped of everything even their name when they arrived on the plantation. Being the natural warriors that they were , enslaved women sought to resist slavery in an effort to regain the status they once had, that is being free and self-respected. This paper will therefore focus on the contribution of enslaved women in the British West Indies to the dismantlement of the system of slavery in the BWI during the 18th and 19th centuries. WOMEN’S RESISTANCE Female slaves on plantations, adopted some of the same methods as men to crush slavery. They employed quiet, subtle and almost negative methods of protest. Some on the other hand used positive or violent methods. These included running away, revolt , pretend to be ill and other methods peculiar to them as females. Women however rarely used active resistance because they had harsher penalties. One of the most popular methods of slave resistance used by enslaved women was what Beckles and Shepherd call ‘natural resistance†. Women as natural rebels used their bodiesd to resist slavery. After the slave trade was abolished in 1807, enslaved women became very important to the planter as they now became the main suppliers of new slaves. Planters offered women incentives such as extra food and clothing allowance to bear and rear children. Women who had six children would no longer do hard work. This was seen in Jamaica where William Ricketts of the Canaan Estate in Westmoreland encourage women to have children by giving them badges of favour such as special coats and fed young children from his own table. Realising that they were so important to the planters for their child bearing ability, women resisted using their bodies. They committed abortions, suicide and infanticide. Some also used pregmancy prevetion methods. In doing this according to John Campbell women deprived the planter of valuable property. One proprietor was forced to concede that. I really believe that the negresses can produce children at pleasure; and where they are barren, it is just as hens will frequently not lay eggs on ship-board, because they do not like their situation. Women also used their menstrual cycle to absent themselves from work. They prolonged the period of breast feeding so they could get extra food, and go to work an hour late and leave an hour earlier as they were to get these by law. She also did this so she could take frequent break while working. Some women also would mutilate their bodies. Beckles and Shepherd noted that a slave women in British Virgin Islands severed her hand with a cutlass in protest of slavery. Many enslaved women in the BWI can be called â€Å"rebel women†. Enslaved women were actively involved whether directly or in directly, in many slave revolts and rebellions that took place in the Caribbean. Record indicate that women were are the forefront in the panning of revolts. This was seen in the Christmas Rebellion of 1831 led by Sam Sharpe wher several women were among the planners. They include Susan (Stacry Plantation), Bina, Eliza Lawrence, Ann Guy and Kitty Scarlet. At the end of the rebellion, of the 344 persons convicted, 75 were women. In Barbados, Nanny Grigg was a chief planner and leader in the 1816 Barbados Rebellion.. Robert a slave in Barbados noted; † Sometime the last year, he heard the negores were all to be freed on New Years Day. That Nanny Grigg, a negro at Simmon’s, who said she could read, was the first person who told the negroes at Simmon’s so; and she said she had read it in the Newspapers, and that her Master was very uneasy at it; that she was always talking about it to the negroes, and told them that they were all damned fools to work, for that she would not, as freedom they were sure to get. That about a fortnight after New Year’s Day, she said the negroes were to be freed on Easter Monday, and the only way to get it was to fight for it, otherwise they would not get it; and the way they were to do, was to set fire, as that was the way they did in St. Domingo. † In revolts, women also played non-military, supportive roles. They suppplied water; acted as guides to provision grounds, helped to guard captives, poisoned and acted as look-outs. Thus, they were key persons in revolts. BWI enslaved women also practiced economic resistance. Women cultivated a variety of crops on their provision grounds which they sold to plantations, urban stores and local markets. Despite laws put in place by planters to stop women from selling certain items and huckstering, they still continued their tried. Enslaved women in Antigua according to Beckles and Shepherd rioted when planters tried to ban huckstering. Women also slowed economic resistance by putting more effort into working on their provision ground than on estates. Running away from plantation was another strategy used my women to resist slavery. Women ware always found among slaves who were †pulling foot†. Females often ran away from estates with their children to seek freedom. Chief among women who ran away were these who were new on the plantation as they wanted to be free. Women also ran away to be with their husband who worked on neighbouring or far estates. Women as young as six years old ran way from the plantation. Historians note that in some Maroon village there were more women than men. (See Appendix 2 to see the number of women who ran ways in Barbados). Lucille Mair stated that sally, a six year old girl ran away from the Passage Fort estate in 1780. To establish their freedom in these Maroon villages, women became involved in guerilla warfare. Nanny, leader of the Nanny Town Maroons was one woman who was skillful at guerilla warfare (See Appendix 1 for a photo of Nanny of the Maroons). She was known to use for spiritual power to defeat the British. Other women participated in armed revolts against the British. Records show that guerilla women were often taken as prisoners or killed. In Jamaica, the government offered ? 10 for every rebel women captured. Guerilla women also assisted in revolts by helping to carry off spoils, set fire to villages, worked provision grounds and provided soldiers with food. Hence they were active in the success of maroon villages. Women also killed, burned and plundered estates. Woment did not hesitate to kill whites on the plantations. They often poisoned their masters food and drink, or kelled them in revolts. Many women plundered the estates by stealing from plantations to provide runaways with food and weapons. Women who were hucksters also stole the goods they sold from the plantations. Some committed arson by burning cane fields and housed. Betty Phillips, a domestic slave on Griffiths’s estate in Barbados, ran way after setting fire to her master’s bed and curtains to burn down his house. During the period of slavery Africans were forbidden to continue the practicing their culture. Enslaved women in various ways did not obey this law. Through religion, storytelling and dances and other ways, they upheld their tradition. They practiced religions such as Voodoo, Myal and Kumina. They told African tales to their children, combed their hair in African styles, prepared African dishes and sang ant waked, funeral and in the fields. Thus, they did not seek to submit to the planters’ views that their culture was inferior. Finally, the tongue was a useful and effective weapon for many women in their resistance as they were not afraid to let their voices be heard. The quarrelsome nature of women made many planters regard them as viragos. Women were often taken to court for their rude behaviour and use of indecent language. In Port Royal, Jamaica, of the 3111 cases, 150 involved women being charge for using violent, abusive, indecent and threatening language. Women also made use of satirical sonds which they used to mock white men who they had affairs with, missionaries who they said were hypocrites for going after girls and white woman. One of the songs they sang was, â€Å"Hi! De Buckra, hi† Massa W-f-e da come ober de sea Wid him rougish heart and him tender look, And while he plaver and preach him book At the gro girl he’ll winkie him yeye â€Å"Hi! De Buckra, hi! † Women sang these songs when working in the fields to make their work lighter. They also sang protest somgs. Those who worked in the gret house would carrying information to the other slaves that they overheard the planters discussing. They would also make appeals in the courts. They would complain to magistrates about receiving bad treatment from masters. Therefore, their tong was a powerful instrument of attack and defence. CONCLUSION In concluding, based on the information presented above, one can see that women played an equally significant role as men to the anti-slavery movement in the British West Indies. In some cases they showed more resistance than men especially as they were the victims of physical and sexual abuse. Therefore, historians should see to higtlight their efforts more as if it wans’t for these efforts slavery would have lasted for a longer time.